Kreatin fürs Gedächtnis? Wie groß der Effekt wirklich ist

<h4>Background</h4>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on cognitive function in adults and explore its potential role in preventing and delaying cognitive impairment-related diseases.<h4>Methods</h4>Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1993 and 2024 were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42024533557). The impact of creatine supplementation on overall cognitive function, memory, executive function, attention, and information processing speed was assessed using standardized mean differences (SMD) and Hedge's g with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<h4>Results</h4>Sixteen RCTs involving 492 participants aged 20.8-76.4 years, including healthy individuals and patients with specific diseases, were selected. Creatine monohydrate was the form used in all included studies. Creatine supplementation showed significant positive effects on memory (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18-0.44, Hedges's <i>g</i> = 0.3003, 95% CI: 0.1778-0.4228) and attention time (SMD = -0.31, 95% CI: -0.58 to -0.03, Hedges's <i>g</i> = -0.3004, 95% CI: -0.5719 to -0.0289), as well as significantly improving processing speed time (SMD = -0.51, 95% CI: -1.01 to -0.01, Hedges's <i>g</i> = -0.4916, 95% CI: -0.7852 to -0.1980). However, no significant improvements were found on

<h4>Background</h4>Creatine is an organic compound that facilitates the recycling of energy-providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscle and brain tissue. It is a safe, well-studied supplement for strength training. Previous studies have shown that supplementation increases brain creatine levels, which might increase cognitive performance. The results of studies that have tested cognitive performance differ greatly, possibly due to different populations, supplementation regimens, and cognitive tasks. This is the largest study on the effect of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance to date.<h4>Methods</h4>Our trial was preregistered, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomised, with daily supplementation of 5 g for 6 weeks each. We tested participants on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) and on the Backward Digit Span (BDS). In addition, we included eight exploratory cognitive tests. About half of our 123 participants were vegetarians and half were omnivores.<h4>Results</h4>Bayesian evidence supported a small beneficial effect of creatine. The creatine effect bordered significance for BDS (p = 0.064, η²_P = 0.029) but not RAPM (p = 0.327, η²_P = 0.008). There was no indication that creatine improved the performance of our exploratory cognitive tasks. Side effects were reported significantly more often for creatine than for placebo supplementation (p = 0.002, RR = 4.25). Vegetarians did not ben

To determine if creatine (Cr) supplementation could influence cognitive performance and whether any changes were related to changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation during such cognitive tasks, thirty (M = 11, F = 19) participants were evenly randomized to receive supplementation with Cr (CR10:10 g/day or CR20:20 g/day) or a placebo (PLA:10 g/day) for 6 weeks. Participants completed a cognitive test battery (processing speed, episodic memory, and attention) on two separate occasions prior to and following supplementation. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure PFC oxyhemoglobin (O₂Hb) during the cognitive evaluation. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the differences between the groups and the timepoints for the cognitive performance scores and PFC O₂Hb. In addition, a one-way ANOVA of % change was used to determine pre- and post-differences between the groups. Creatine (independent of dosage) had no significant effect on the measures of cognitive performance. There was a trend for decreased relative PFC O₂Hb in the CR10 group versus the PLA group in the processing speed test (<i>p</i> = 0.06). Overall, six weeks of Cr supplementation at a moderate or high dose does not improve cognitive performance or change PFC activation in young adults.

Creatine (Cr) is recognized for its role in enhancing cognitive functions through the phosphocreatine (pCr)-creatine kinase system involved in brain energy homeostasis. It is reversibly converted into pCr by creatine kinase (CK). A brain-specific isoform of CK, known as CK-BB, is implicated in the brain's energy metabolism. The objective of this research is to ascertain the impact of Cr supplementation on learning and memory skills as well as on structural synaptic plasticity, by modulating CK-BB. First, we utilized various concentrations of D-galactose (D-gal) to create an aging mouse model. Our findings indicated that D-gal injections at 100 and 1000 mg/kg could lead to cognitive decline, oxidative stress, and damage to structural synaptic plasticity. CK-BB expression and its activity were reduced at least by approximately 20% in mice injected with 100 and 1000 mg/kg D-gal compared with control group. Next, an adeno-associated virus directed against CKB was employed to reduce CK-BB levels by 34% in the brain. The reduction of CK-BB in the brain resulted in deficits in learning and memory, oxidative stress, and morphological harm to the hippocampal spines of mice. Finally, the diet of the D-gal-induced aging model was enriched with 3% Cr. Mice that received 3% Cr supplementation exhibited a 36% increase in CK-BB activity and a 14.3% increase in CK-BB expression following prolonged D-gal administration. In addition, Cr supplementation mitigated the cognitive impairment, oxida

<h4>Background</h4>Impaired brain bioenergetics is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is a compelling target for AD treatment. Patients with AD exhibit dysfunction in the brain creatine (Cr) system, which is integral in maintaining bioenergetic flux. Recent studies in AD mouse models suggest Cr supplementation improves brain mitochondrial function and may be protective of AD peptide pathology and cognition.<h4>Aims</h4>The Creatine to Augment Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's disease (CABA) study is designed to primarily assess the feasibility of supplementation with 20 g/day of creatine monohydrate (CrM) in patients with cognitive impairment due to AD. Secondary aims are designed to generate preliminary data investigating changes in brain Cr levels, cognition, peripheral and brain mitochondrial function, and muscle strength and size.<h4>Methods</h4>CABA is an 8-week, single-arm pilot study that will recruit 20 patients with cognitive impairment due to AD. Participants attend five in-person study visits: two visits at baseline to conduct screening and baseline assessments, a 4-week visit, and two 8-week visits. Outcomes assessment includes recruitment, retention, and compliance, cognitive testing, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain metabolites, platelet and lymphocyte mitochondrial function, and muscle strength and morphology at baseline and 8 weeks.<h4>Discussion</h4>CABA is the first study to investigate CrM as a potential treatment in patients with AD

<h4>Objective</h4>To investigate the potential muscular benefits of an eight-week creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).<h4>Methods</h4>This single-arm pilot trial, conducted at the University of Kansas Medical Center in Kansas City, examined the intervention-associated changes in muscle strength, muscle size, and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) integrity following 8 weeks of CrM supplementation (20 g/day) in 20 participants with AD. All participants completed handgrip-strength measurements on the dominant hand (highest of three trials in kg of force). Ten participants completed lower body strength assessment via leg dynamometry at three velocities (1.05 rad∙s^-1, 2.10 rad∙s^-1, 3.14 rad∙s^-1), with peak torque (in Newton-meters) recorded over five repetitions. Eighteen participants completed muscle size assessment by ultrasound measurement of cross-sectional area (mCSA, cm²) in the rectus femoris and vastus medialis, as well as muscle thickness (cm) in the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis. NMJ integrity was assessed in 19 participants by measuring plasma C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF) levels. All assessments were measured at baseline and 8 weeks.<h4>Results</h4>Following 8 weeks of CrM, mean hand-grip strength increased by 1.9 kg from baseline (<i>p</i> = 0.02). Lower leg strength did not change for any velocity among the ten participants who completed leg dynamometry.