6, 8 oder 10 METs? So lesen Sie das Ergebnis Ihres Belastungstests

<h4>Background</h4>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are both independent risk factors for mortality. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality and independently predicts lower mortality risk in T2DM. However, the relationship between CRF, LVH, and mortality risk in T2DM has not been well characterized and was the focus of this study.<h4>Methods</h4>A total of 866 individuals with T2DM (mean age 61.6 ± 9.9 years) underwent both a standardized exercise stress test and an echocardiographic evaluation. We then established two fitness categories based on peak CRF (i.e., metabolic equivalents (METs)). Individuals with a peak MET level below the median (<6 METs) were considered Low-Fit, and those with a peak MET level at or above the median (≥6 METs) were classified as fit. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated using a standardized formula and indexed to body size to obtain the LVM index. To assess the interaction between fitness and LVH, we established four groups based on fitness status and the presence or absence of LVH: Low-Fit/No LVH (n = 225); Low-Fit/LVH (n = 236); Fit/No LVH (n = 218); and Fit/LVH (n = 187). The Low-Fit/No LVH group served as the reference category for all survival analyses.<h4>Results</h4>Over a total of 24 years of follow-up (median 8.9 years), 346 deaths occurred, corresponding to an annual mortality rate of 4.3% in the entire cohort. In the Cox proportional hazards analysis, models a

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains one of the most devastating manifestations of cardiovascular disease. While traditional risk stratification has focused on structural heart disease and electrophysiological markers, growing evidence suggests that modifiable lifestyle factors-particularly physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)-play a critical role in mitigating the risk of SCD. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the associations between PA, CRF, and SCD risk. It explores potential biological mechanisms underlying these relationships, identifies key gaps in the literature, and discusses the clinical and public health implications. A substantial body of prospective cohort studies and meta-analyses demonstrates a strong, inverse, and dose-dependent association between both PA and CRF and the risk of SCD. Engaging in ⩾4 hours/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA or achieving CRF levels of ⩾8 to 10 METs is associated with 40% to 50% reductions in SCD risk. CRF also modifies the risk conferred by traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and systemic inflammation. Proposed mechanisms include favorable modulation of cardiovascular risk profiles, improved autonomic regulation, anti-arrhythmic and anti-ischemic effects, and enhanced myocardial function. However, evidence gaps persist regarding causal inference (absence of Mendelian randomization studies), optimal PA and CRF thresholds, sex- and age-specific effects, and interacti

<h4>Background</h4>The metabolic equivalent (1-MET) represents the oxygen consumption at rest, reflecting the body's minimal energy needs. Determinants of 1-MET among older adults are yet to be defined. This cross-sectional study examined the association between 1-MET, body size and composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults using principal component analysis (PCA).<h4>Methods</h4>Fifty-eight participants aged 60 and above (12 males, 75.4 ± 6.5 years) were assessed for 1-MET and peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) via indirect calorimetry, and body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.<h4>Results</h4>The average 1-MET value (2.3 mL·kg^-1·min^-1) was significantly lower than the reference 3.5 mL kg^-1·min^-1 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). PCA identified two factors accounting for 79.3% of the variance. Factor 1 (51.2% variance) grouped body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and body surface area. Factor 2 (28.1% variance) linked VO_2peak and 1-MET. Results showed that 1-MET was more strongly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness than body size or composition.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Cardiorespiratory fitness seems to be a determinant of the resting metabolic rate in older adults, and lower 1-MET values would be expected in individuals with poorer vs. higher VO_2peak.

DunedinPACE quantifies the pace of biological aging. No study has examined its association with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Additionally, the physiologically relevant CRF thresholds associated with slow aging remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between CRF and the pace of epigenetic aging, as measured by DunedinPACE, and to identify a CRF threshold indicative of slower biological aging. Here, we analyzed data of 144 older men (aged 65-72 years) enrolled in the WASEDA'S Health Study to examine the association of CRF (VO₂/kg at peak and ventilatory threshold (VT)), physical fitness, anthropometric parameters, and nutritional intake with epigenetic aging. Epigenetic aging was assessed using DunedinPACE derived from blood DNA methylation profiles. We performed Pearson's and partial correlation analyses adjusted for age, smoking status, and drinking status, followed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses with bootstrapped optimal cutoff determination. In the unadjusted analyses, VO₂/kg at peak (r =  - 0.17, p = 0.041) and VT (r =  - 0.17, p = 0.046) were inversely associated with DunedinPACE, and VO₂/kg at peak showed a significant association even in the adjusted models (r =  - 0.16, p = 0.046). The ROC curve analysis revealed a potential threshold of VO₂/kg at peak (26.2 mL/kg/min) for differentiating individuals with slower biological aging, supported by bootstrap distributions of optimal cutoff points and Youden'